Wei
Jingsheng Foundation News and Article Release Issue: A731-W458
魏京生基金会新闻与文章发布号： A731-W458
Release
Date: September 2, 2012
发布日：2012年9月2日
Topic:
The Way Out for China (Part LXVI): From the Trials Against the Family of Bo
Xilai to Talk about the Fundamental Need of a Legal System Is For People to
Trust It -- Wei Jingsheng
标题：《中国的出路》之六十六：法制的根本就是要取信于民，让人民感到这个制度能有公平 -- 魏京生
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The
Way Out for China (Part LXVI): From the Trials Against the Family of Bo Xilai
to Talk about the Fundamental Need of a Legal System Is For People to Trust It
--
Wei Jingsheng
Recently,
the trials against the family of Bo Xilai received attention in China and the
whole world. The Gu Kailai
homicide trial that was just concluded in Hefei of Anhui Province has received
a great deal of criticism. A lot
of discussion in the foreign media and Chinese Internet treat this case as a
way to observe the state of China's legal system.
Of
course, people also paid a lot of attention to the details related to this
case. For example, there are close
relatives suggesting the suspect who appeared in court is not Gu Kailai
herself. These suspicions are
spoken on good grounds and the Netizens have followed with a lot of evidence. This observation makes the case
bewildering. Regardless how the
verdicts from these trials will came out in the future; they just will not win
the trust of the public. These
times are really the lowest point in legal history since the Communist rule,
and are probably also one of the lowest points in the Chinese legal history
over all.
What
is a legal system? The fundamental
need of a legal system is for people to trust it and to feel the system is fair
and equal to everyone. This is the
most important tie, a spiritual tie to maintain the society. When people feel that the society is
not fair and equal anymore, all the rules and guidelines will not be followed
and the society will inevitably fall into chaos.
The
case of the Bo Xilai family has already demonstrated that the Chinese people
now no longer have a sense of fairness.
They no longer trust the courts and the government. They no longer trust that the system
may bring justice to people. They
no longer see a value in abiding by any law consciously. Thus, order may no longer be
maintained. When Spartacus led a
slave rebellion, it was impossible for several police to maintain the order.
But
the feeling of most people is really much more powerful than the military
police that are heavily armed to the degree of their teeth. The ancient Chinese already understood:
"the harm to prevent people's criticism, is more than the harm of a flood
from a dammed river; those who are beloved and supported by the people, will
win the world." This saying really means that those leaders who the people
think represent their interest and fairness have the most powerful
strength. What the people feel is
in fact is more important than the truth.
When
the people felt that Mao Zedong was the representative of their interests and
fairness, Mao was able to overthrow the government and commit all kinds of
outrages. When people woke up and
realized that Mao did not represent their interests, his successors could
easily be arrested and brought into prisons. This recent Chinese history best illustrates the role of
support or disapproval of the people.
The
current legal system in the United States is recognized as the most effective
legal system. Yet the so-called Gu
Kailai theory represents the theory of a big group of legal experts in China. They mistakenly think that the law is
used to punish criminals and it could also be used as a weapon to go against
others. This interpretation is
actually a very primitive theory of a monkey society.
Not
just the monkeys; all kinds of social animals have a need of order and the need
of punishment to maintain order.
The authority and trust needed to maintain order came from consanguinity
and force. In human families
internal order is maintained when parents have the authority and trust. It is effective in most cases. A handful of opposite cases cannot
change the trend.
The
gentle herbivores rarely harm their like, except in a small amount of
competition during the courtship period.
They have a natural order, and require very little maintenance to have a
big herd. But the predators are
different in that they do have the capacity to harm their like. Therefore, they need an authority to
maintain order. They usually have
smaller groups.
When
humans began to have larger groups to defend the attacks of the other humans,
the principles of consanguinity and force became no longer suitable. As various groups of non-blood or
distant relations gathered together, the concept of a fairness that excludes
consanguinity began to emerge. In
other words, some people gain their leader status by using fairness concepts to
dissolve internal strife. This
change of principle was handed down, becoming the origin of law.
One
can see that from the beginning of the concept, law was needed to assert
authority and trust through fairness, and used to rely on this trust to
maintain social order. Without
trust and authority, how are we to maintain social order? When the legal system in China has set
back to the degree of needing consanguinity and violence to maintain stability,
e.g. when it has set back to the degree of a trouble making young man crying
out "My father is (police chief) Li Gang," then it is only able to
maintain stability in a small group.
The Communist Party cannot even sustain a democracy within its own
party, it can only sustain the stability through friends and relatives or
within a small group. This
situation is commonly known as patriarchy.
The
main symbol of these tyrannies of autocracies, regardless whether they are
personal dictatorships or collective dictatorships, is that they do not have
the fair concept of the rule of law and thus set the legal system back to a
primitive society. Could they use
principles of the prehistoric society without law to maintain the order of a
large social group? Of course
not. This lack of law is a source
of social instability and disorder.
Use
the concepts of Deng Xiaoping and Gu Kailai, to combat crime severely and
quickly is highly efficient. They
have self-claimed that the rate of misjudged cases in their way is not higher
than that of the United States, yet they are still able to punish criminals
relatively inexpensively. Even if
what they claimed is true, will using the rule of "My father is (police
chief) Li Gang" to suppress the people and make people swallow their anger
reach the goal of achieving order and stability?
Apparently
not. What would make Deng Xiaoping
and Gu Kailai depressed is that they could keep people's bodies on leashes, but
are unable to control people's hearts.
A large number of intellectuals in China who like to brown their noses
have also started to sigh about "mobs", "trouble making
people", etc. These
"intellectuals" complain that China is hard to rule and the people's
quality is too low. They even
claim "what kind of people made which kind of country". In fact, all these sayings are
nonsense.
The
Communist regime began to undermine the basis of the legal system from its
official theory. After laws are
enacted, the Communist Party used official actions to destroy the fundamental
principles of law. On this
premise, for self-defense the people will slowly learn the lawless
principle. Otherwise, how could
people to adapt to this kind of social environment of asymmetry?
Now
there is a popular theory claiming that when a society reaches a certain degree
of prosperity, it will collapse.
This theory is accompanied with a lot of examples to alert those in
power. However, it only uses
statistics to illustrate the situation, without explanations. Looking at the cycle of collapses in
Chinese society since ancient times we will find that collapse was due to rich
people controlling politics and political pressure interfering with the law,
thus pushing the legal system towards unfairness. This unfairness resulted in people losing faith in order,
thus lead to disorder.
Being
without order is the initial condition for a society to collapse. Afterward, there is no chance of
turning back. We the Chinese do
not know the more than two thousand years of history of ancient Egypt. However, we have a reliable track
record of China's own more than two thousand years of history. Go read it and reach your own
conclusions.
To
hear Mr. Wei Jingsheng's related commentary, please visit:
http://www.weijingsheng.org/RFA/RFA2012/WeiJS120816ChinaWayOut66LegalFundation.mp3
(Written
on August 15 and recorded on August 16, 2012. Broadcasted by Radio Free Asia.)
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中文版
Wei
Jingsheng Foundation News and Article Release Issue: A731-W458
魏京生基金会新闻与文章发布号： A731-W458
Release
Date: September 2, 2012
发布日：2012年9月2日
Topic:
The Way Out for China (Part LXVI): From the Trials Against the Family of Bo
Xilai to Talk about the Fundamental Need of a Legal System Is For People to
Trust It -- Wei Jingsheng
标题：《中国的出路》之六十六：法制的根本就是要取信于民，让人民感到这个制度能有公平 -- 魏京生
Original
Language Version: Chinese (Chinese version at the end)
此号以中文为准（英文在前，中文在后）
如有中文乱码问题，请与我们联系或访问:
http://www.weijingsheng.org/report/report2012/report2012-09/WeiJS120902ChinaWayOut66LegalFundationA731-W458.htm
-----------------------------------------------------------------
《中国的出路》之六十六：法制的根本就是要取信于民，让人民感到这个制度能有公平
-- 魏京生
最近很引起全世界和全中国关注的，是薄熙来一家人的审判。刚刚在安徽合肥审判完毕的谷开来杀人案，引起了极大的非议。外国媒体和中国网络的议论，很多都是把这个案件当作观察中国法制状况的案例。
当然，关注案件细节的也很多。例如有近亲属提出到庭的嫌疑人并不是谷开来本人。而且言之凿凿，网民们跟着提出很多的证据。这使得案件扑朔迷离，将来不管怎么判都不能取信于民了。这可是建国以来法制史上的最低潮，可能也是中国法制史上的最低潮之一。
法制是什么？最根本的就是要取信于民。让人民感觉到这个制度能有公平，这是维系社会的最重要的纽带，精神的纽带。当人们感觉社会已经失去公平的时候，所有的规矩也就不再被遵守了，社会也就必然会陷入混乱。
薄熙来一家的案件已经暴露出，现在中国人民已经不再有公平感了。他们不再信任法庭和政府；不再信任这个体制可能带给人们公正，不再可能自觉遵守任何规矩。秩序也就不再可能维持下去了。在斯巴达克斯率领奴隶造反的时候，几个警察不可能维持秩序。
而大多数人民的感觉，比武装到牙齿的军警强大得多。中国古人就懂得：防民之口甚于防川；得人心者得天下。其实说的就是人们认为谁代表他们的利益并且代表公平，谁就获得了最强大的实力。人民的感觉，事实上比真相更重要。
当人民感觉毛泽东是利益和公平的代表时，毛就可以借此推翻政府，胡作非为。当人们醒悟到毛泽东并不代表利益和公平时，他的继承人轻而易举就被抓进了监狱。这段最近的历史最好地说明了人心向背的作用。
美国现在的法制体系，是公认为最有效的法制体系。所谓谷开来的理论代表的是一大批法学家的理论。他们错误地以为法律是拿来惩罚罪犯的，甚至是拿来作为武器对付别人的。这实际上是非常原始的猴子社会的理论。
不但是猴子，任何群居动物都有维持秩序的需要，也就都有为了维持秩序而进行惩罚的需要。而维持秩序所需要的权威和信任，来自血亲关系和暴力。这和现在家庭维持内部秩序的情况很相似，权威和信任来自你的父母。这在绝大多数情况下是有效的。极少数相反的案例改变不了大趋势。
对温和的食草动物来说，除了求偶期的少量争夺以外，它们很少伤害同类。有着自然的秩序，很少需要维护就可以拥有很大的群体。食肉动物就不同了，它们天然就拥有伤害同类的能力。所以需要有权威来维持秩序。所以它们通常拥有较小的群体。
当人类开始拥有较大的群体以对抗其他人类的攻击时，血亲和暴力的原则都不适用了。在各非血亲或者较远的血亲群体集合在一起时，排除血亲关系的公平概念开始产生。换句话说，一些使用公平的概念解决内部纷争的人，获得了领袖的地位，并把这个原则流传下去，这就是法的概念起源。
可见，从法的概念起源的时候开始，它就是用公平来维护权威和信任，并依靠这种信任来维护社会秩序。没有信任和权威，靠什么维持社会秩序呢？当法律体系倒退到了血亲制和暴力维稳的时候，也就是说回到了“我爸是李刚”和暴力维稳的时候，就是回到了只能维持一个小的群体的时候。而中共连党内民主也不可能维持，只能是维持亲戚朋友或者小集团内的稳定。这就是人们常说的家长制。
现在的专制暴政们，不管是个人独裁还是集体独裁，它的主要标志就是没有了法制的公平的概念，使法制倒退回了原始社会。用史前社会的非法律原则，能够维持一个大的社会群体的秩序吗？当然不能。这是造成社会不稳定和秩序混乱的根源。
用邓小平和谷开来的概念来看，从重、从快打击犯罪，效率很高。但是，即使按他们自称的那样，错案率不会高于美国，还同样惩罚了罪犯而且比较廉价，用“我爸是李刚”来镇压住了老百姓，弄得人们敢怒而不敢言，就达到了秩序稳定的目的了吗？
显然没有。邓小平、谷开来们郁闷的是：管得住人们的身体，管不住人们的心。一大批马屁文人也跟着叹息说什么暴民呀、刁民呀什么的，所以中国没治了，民众素质太低了呀。他们甚至还说：有什么样的人民就有什么样的国家。其实这都是废话。
中共从官方的理论开始就破坏了法制的基础。中共制定了法律后却以官方行动破坏法律的根本原则。在这个前提下，人民为了自保也就慢慢地学会了无法无天的原则。否则你让老百姓如何适应这种不对称的社会环境呢？
现在流行的一种理论是说，社会富裕到一定程度就会产生崩溃，并且举了很多例证说明这个理论来警示当权者。但它只是用统计法说明有这么回事，没说明为什么。
看看自古以来，特别是中国的循环崩溃的故事，就会发现几乎都是有钱人控制了政治，政治的压力干涉了法律，使得法律体系逐渐倾向于不公平。这个不公平造成人们越来越失去秩序。
没有秩序是所有走向崩溃的社会的边缘条件。过了这条线就没有回头路了。古埃及的两千多年历史我们不是很清楚，中国的两千多年历史有比较可靠的记录。大家看看是不是这样的。
聆听魏京生先生的相关录音，请访问：
http://www.weijingsheng.org/RFA/RFA2012/WeiJS120816ChinaWayOut66LegalFundation.mp3
（撰写于2012年8月15日，8月16录音。自由亚洲电台播出。）
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