Wei
Jingsheng Foundation News and Article Release Issue: A733-W460
魏京生基金会新闻与文章发布号： A733-W460
Release
Date: September 16, 2012
发布日：2012年9月16日
Topic:
The Way Out for China (Part LXVII): The Origin and Fundamentals of the Human
Social System (1) -- Wei Jingsheng
标题：《中国的出路》之六十七：人类制度的起源和根本（一）-- 魏京生
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Language Version: Chinese (Chinese version at the end)
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The
Way Out for China (Part LXVII): The Origin and Fundamentals of the Human Social
System (1) -- Wei Jingsheng
I
often talk about the topics of the origin of the rule of law, etc., and move time
back to the prehistoric animal world.
In fact, what I want to say is that any social system and laws, etc.
have their natural origins, rather than creation out of nowhere.
In
the past, I talked about how from historical reasons many human social systems
developed from the animal world, rather than being created by a genius or a
god/goddess through their imagination.
As an example, even law was developed from rules in the animal world
("rules" in Chinese literally means "ruler and
compass"). The Chinese say:
"Without the ruler and compass, one can not make squares and
circles." This argument also
applies to the animal world.
Rules
are especially suitable for the more aggressive social animals. Solitary animals strongly display their
selfish animal nature. Although
they have strong survival ability, we can see that they cannot be gregarious
with others. Some animals were
successful to overcome their selfishness to form groups, and thus enhanced
their ability to survive. For
example lions, as the only gregarious animal in the Felidae family, have
avoided the fate of being extinct.
In
modern times, the study of animal behavior has gradually proliferated. These scientists, who may seem bored,
provide us with more and more evidence to observe human beings ourselves. Social animals have rules that are the
precursors for human rules, to the degree that some etiologists even call these
rules law. In fact, this is not
wrong.
For
example, the laws of ants and other social insects are even stricter than human
laws. Or they are innate laws that
have "penetrated into the bone marrow and dissolved in the
blood." Their race also
developed into a race of extreme despotism. The result is that it is forever impossible for them to have
freedom, and never possible to re-develop into a realm like the human society.
Interestingly,
indeed many dictators even use the ants to preach to people: look, the ants
know to unite and obey the command, so they survived. In the crisis of survival, such preaching is correct and
very convincing. Part of the human
social system is to apply this reasoning and thus to obtain the right to
survive. Whether it is a nation,
or a company, or a family, they are all likely to face crises. They all need a commanding system as a ship
needs a captain.
The
solitary animals such as cheetahs and foxes that have super viability can
survive in the gap of other's living spaces. But animals like the lions, which have issues of both
survival and maintaining individual freedom, must develop a less servile system
or rules to ensure that individuals that cannot be enslaved can come together
to deal with the crisis of survival.
These
so-called higher animals rely on the system, or rules, or law to support the
society, not just rely on enslaved minions. The fundamental standard for a social system to be designed
and then accepted is the premise of ensuring the rights of the individuals and
freedom to fairly resolve internal disputes so that all can unite for a common
goal. That means establishing the
rights and freedoms, fairness and rules. These standards are basic for all laws
designed for higher animal beings.
Why
then is there are so much trouble instead of the simple ants? It was because the ancestors of the
ancestors of the ancestors of we humans did not evolve simply. They could not wipe out their
selfishness, so they had to develop toward a different direction. Using a legal system to regulate and
restrict that selfishness ultimately formed the judicial system evolved from
lions to monkeys to humans.
Law
is really troublesome, just as the very troublesome democracy. So ever since ancient times there were
scholars attempting to invent some methods to eradicate selfishness. Would not that completely solve the
problem? From Christianity, to
Buddhism, to Mao Zedong, there were such efforts in this regard. Yet, they were not successful. At least up to now, there is no hope of
success.
That
is because humans or mammals have gone too far on their road of reserving
selfishness. In fact, egoistic
selfishness is a basic principle of all biological subjects -- there are very
few cases that violate this basic principle. As long as human beings do not want to become ants, it is
impossible to violate this basic principle. Thus we have to design our own system under the premise of
respecting egoistic selfishness, and to regulate and restrict it fairly.
The
ideal of communists was to have unlimited freedom. Therefore, they held contempt of the law and contempt of the
social system. To play with these
utopian concepts, and let one's mind soar in the space of complete freedom, is
a paranoid symptom. It exhibits
another animal nature that is similar yet contrary to the selfishness nature, which
is the nature to consume others while expanding one's self.
If
one has such a delusion in one's own home, it will be harmless to others
outside. But when it is applied
socially, it will be in conflict with the selfishness of others. To resolve this conflict requires
protection by the law. This is why
the claim of the "initial stage". The "initial stage" is the basic principle of
socialist law within the Communist doctrine: the law allowing some people to
deprive other people's freedom.
This "some people" will inevitably narrow their circle, ultimately
going backwards to the coterie rules of the animal world that were defined
mainly by genetics.
At
the very least, they have retrogressed back to the state of the clan type
society of several thousand years ago.
They will maintain a group according to rules, while this group rules
most people. Most people will be
like the ants, to selflessly contribute to the elite without the protection of
rules and law. This kind of system
had appeared in ancient times shortly, and is called a slavery or feudal
system. Like the modern slavery,
whether it is called communism or whatever doctrine, the common feature is that
while some people have almost unlimited freedom, rest live like slaves who must
make contribution to the other people yet without rights of their own.
From
the above description, we see that the inequality of human rights is the
fundamental flaw of the social system of slavery. It cannot lead to people's recognition of the authority,
because it is in violation of other people's selfish nature. Sure, force and deceit could maintain
this kind of system to survive for a short period of time. However, when the deception no longer
works, the force of suppression will gradually become ineffective, or be
overthrown by forces from the bottom of society.
I
am not going on to list the examples here. Read through the history and you can make your own
conclusions.
To
hear Mr. Wei Jingsheng's related commentary, please visit:
http://www.weijingsheng.org/RFA/RFA2012/WeiJS120816ChinaWayOut67HumanSystemOrigin1.mp3
(Written
on August 15 and recorded on August 16, 2012. Broadcasted by Radio Free Asia.)
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中文版
Wei
Jingsheng Foundation News and Article Release Issue: A733-W460
魏京生基金会新闻与文章发布号： A733-W460
Release
Date: September 16, 2012
发布日：2012年9月16日
Topic:
The Way Out for China (Part LXVII): The Origin and Fundamentals of the Human
Social System (1) -- Wei Jingsheng
标题：《中国的出路》之六十七：人类制度的起源和根本（一）-- 魏京生
Original
Language Version: Chinese (Chinese version at the end)
此号以中文为准（英文在前，中文在后）
如有中文乱码问题，请与我们联系或访问:
http://www.weijingsheng.org/report/report2012/report2012-09/WeiJS120916ChinaWayOut67HumanSystemOrigin1A733-W460.htm
-----------------------------------------------------------------
《中国的出路》之六十七：人类制度的起源和根本（一）
-- 魏京生
我经常会说到法制的起源等等话题，而且把时间上推到史前的动物世界。实际上我想说的是，任何制度和法律等等，都有它产生的自然原因，而不是凭空创造出来的。
过去我讲到了从历史的原因看，人类的很多制度是从动物世界发展来的，并不是凭空想象后由一个天才或者神创造出来的。例如说到法律，它是从动物世界的规矩发展而成。没有规矩不成方圆这个说法也适用于动物世界。
这还特别适用于侵略性比较强的群居动物。独居动物把动物的自私的本性表现得很强。除了他们有很强的生存能力之外，我们可以看到它们也因此无法再合群生活。有些成功地克服了私心的动物结成群体，增强了他们的生存能力。例如，唯一群居的猫科动物狮子，就避免了被灭绝的命运。
近代以来，动物行为学的研究逐渐盛行。看似无聊的科学家们，为我们提供了越来越多的证据来观察人类自身。有群居动物就有规矩，甚至有些动物行为学家把它们叫做法律。这其实并没有错。
例如蚂蚁等群居昆虫的法律，甚至比人类还要严密的多。可以说是与生俱来的，“渗透到骨髓里，溶化在血液中的”法律。它们的种族也发展成为极端专制的种族。结果是永远不可能有自由，也永远不可能再发展出人类这样的境界。
有趣的是，确实有很多专制主义者拿蚂蚁来教育人们：看，蚂蚁都知道团结一致服从命令，所以他们活下来了。在发生生存危机的时候，这种说教是正确的，很有说服力。人类制度的一部分就是运用这种道理获得了生存的权利。无论是国家，还是公司，还是家庭，都有可能面临危机。这都需要像船长那样的说一不二的指挥体制。
生存能力超强的猎豹和狐狸这些独居动物，可以在别人的生存空间的缝隙中生存。而像狮子这种既要生存又要保持个体自由的动物，就必须发展出一种不那么奴隶性的制度，或者说规矩，来保证无法被奴役的个体能够团结一致对付生存危机。
这就是所谓的高级动物，它是靠制度、或者规矩、或者法律来支撑的，不仅仅是靠爪牙。制度设计出来然后能被接受的根本标准，就是在保证个体权利也就是自由度的前提下，公平地解决内部纠纷；使大家能够为了共同的目标团结一致。也就是说，权利和自由；公平和规矩。这是所有法律必须遵循的基本标准，否则就连牲口都不如了。
为什么这么麻烦，不能像蚂蚁那样简单呢？因为人们的祖先的祖先的祖先，进化不成功。他们没能消灭私心一闪念，所以只好向另外一个方向发展。用法律制度来规范和限制私心，最终形成了从狮子到猴子到人类的司法体系。
法律确实很麻烦，就像民主也很麻烦一样。所以自古就有学者企图发明一些消灭私心的方法。那岂不彻底解决问题了吗？从基督教、到佛教、到毛泽东，都进行过这方面的努力。但还是不成功。至少到现在还没有成功的希望。
因为人类或者说哺乳动物在保留私心上走得太远了。或者说利己的私心是一切生物的基本原则，成功违反这个基本原则的案例太少了，而且不那么成功。只要人类不想变成蚂蚁，就不可能违反这个基本原则。就必须在尊重利己私心的前提下设计自己的制度，来规范和限制私心。
共产主义者的理想就是不需要被限制的自由。所以他们蔑视法律，蔑视制度。把这些空想的概念拿来玩一玩，让自己的思想在完全自由的空间里翱翔，这是妄想狂的症状。这表现出的是动物的另一个本性，和私心利己的原则相同而有相反的本性，这就是吃掉别人扩张自己的本性。
如果只在自己家里妄想，对别人倒也无害。放到社会现实中，就要和别人的私心发生冲突，就需要法律的保护，就必须打一个折扣。这就是为什么有初级阶段的说法的来历。这就是共产党学说中社会主义法律的基本原则：用一部分人去剥夺另一部分人自由的法律。这个一部分人必然会逐渐缩小圈子，最终倒退回到了动物世界的血亲为主的、小圈子的规矩。
至少，他们倒退回到了几千年前的氏族社会的状态。在一个集团内按规矩维系，用这个集团统治大多数人。而大多数人得不到规矩和法律的保护，像蚂蚁那样生活着，为别人无私地做贡献。这种制度古代也短时间地出现过。这就是奴隶制或者叫封建制。他们和现代的奴役制度，无论叫共产主义或者叫什么主义都一样，其共同特征就是一部分人拥有几乎不受限制的自由；而另一部分人像奴隶一样生活，没有权利只有贡献。
从以上的描述中我们可以看到，人权的不平等，是奴役制社会制度的根本缺陷。它无法导致人们认同的权威，因为它违反了另一部分人的自私的本性。暴力和欺骗可以短时间地维持这种制度的生存。但在不能欺骗的时候，暴力将逐渐失效，或者被来自底层的暴力所推翻。
这些就不用举例证明了。随便翻翻历史就可以做出自己的结论。
聆听魏京生先生的相关录音，请访问：
http://www.weijingsheng.org/RFA/RFA2012/WeiJS120816ChinaWayOut67HumanSystemOrigin1.mp3
（撰写于2012年8月15日，8月16日录音。自由亚洲电台播出。）
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